Harf-o-Sukhan

ضلع سانگھڑ میں اردو ادب : ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

خالد اسحاق, ڈاکٹرشذرہ حسین — 2024-05-03

This article elaborates on the “Promotion of Urdu Literature in District Sanghar”, which is a famous and historical District situated in Sindh. Urdu literature in Sanghar is spanning over a century. It also explores the first writer and poet of Urdu Literature in Sanghar. The contribution of writers and poets in various genres of poetry and prose are highlighted. Additionally, efforts have been made to describe the published work, writing styles and characteristics of Sanghar’s renowned poets and writers. Moreover, an attempt has been made to assess the values and significances of these literary works.

سید رفیق حسین کے افسانوں میں جانوروں کی نفسیات

Syed Muhammad Daim Hassan, Syed Muhammad Saim Hassan,Dr.Mamuna Subhani, — 2024-05-03

Rafiq Hussain is a lesser known but very important and unique name of Urdu fiction. He took an individual path in the field of fiction. Therefore, he cannot be called a fiction writer of any one movement or trend. Rafique Hussain kept the subject of all his fiction related to understanding the life and psychology of animals. The psychology and habits of animal wildlife have been closely observed in your fiction, it is not found in Urdu fiction before. It seems that the fiction writer is a zoologist. In this article, after an analytical study of this dominant aspect of fiction writer, it has been concluded that Rafiq Hussain is a successful fiction writer in terms of understanding animal habits, psychology and their meaningful relationship with human life.The formalities of fiction have also been used along with the sciences of psychology for the interpretation and interpretation of this topic. Rafique Hussain has only one collection of fiction, yet each of his fiction brings out some individual aspect of the biological life of animals. Such a diverse and meaningful presentation of animals to the fiction writer proves him to be a successful and unique fiction writer of his kind.

راجندر سنگھ بیدی کے افسانوں میں سماجی ومعاشی جہتیں

ڈاکٹر فریدہ عثمان, ڈاکٹر جہانزیب ,ڈاکٹر روح الامین — 2024-05-09

Rajinder Singh Bedi, the maestro of Urdu literature, is renowned for his profound short stories. He intricately weaves societal and economic intricacies into his narratives with a natural finesse, revealing deeper spiritual dimensions beneath the surface. While ostensibly grounded in reality, his tales illuminate the social and economic facets of contemporary life, offering a poignant portrayal of life's bitter truths through the lens of imagination. The characters in his works are deeply rooted in the social customs of Indian society, and their economic struggles vividly illustrate the harsh realities of life. This is why his stories are not merely fictional events, but rather, they resonate with the entire essence of the era. Bedi portrays the psychological and moral values of this era through the social and economic circumstances of his characters. Therefore, his short stories encapsulate an entire epoch, articulating its social and economic realities comprehensively.

ڈاکٹر طارق عزیز کے ڈراما”بسیرا“ کا فنی و فکری جائزہ

حافظ غلام مرتضی ,ڈاکٹر الماس خانم — 2024-05-09

Dr tariq aziz was a Prominent playwriting In History of Urdu Literature.His Drama Basira is consideredmasterpiece in the History of Urdu Drama.In his Drama he portraits historical,social,and cultural facts in artistic manner.He illustrates the problem of man with humaninstic approach. "Basira" is a story of human relationships. Whatever the era, relationship has always been associated with feeling. The importance of blood relationship has its place, but there are many places in human life when blood relationship becomes meaningless and The mutual feeling becomes the real meaning. Then those people with whom there is no relation, become closer than the soul. Live, let live and help to live, this is the theme of this play. Expectation. It is known that "Basira" will introduce some new dimensions of life to the readers who believe in high values.

اُردونظم میں سرائیکی تہذیب و ثقافت

محمد شعیب,ڈاکٹر حمید الفت ملغانی — 2024-05-13

The lovely and rich Saraiki culture, civilization, and way of life that have been depicted in Urdu literature are examined and unearthed in this essay. Saraiki culture and civilization, with its lovely customs, values, and lively scent, are beautifully portrayed in Urdu literature, particularly poetry. Because of its lovely language, alluring rituals, rich traditions, and exquisite ways of living, Saraiki culture is quite unique. Urdu poets have skillfully woven all these lovely elements into their poetry. Poets have used exquisite language to depict Saraiki culture and daily life. This study investigates how Urdu poetry and Saraiki culture are related through a thorough analysis of several Urdu poems. Urdu literature is resonant with the rich and diverse Saraiki culture; themes like love, care, hospitality, pain, human sufferings, loss, nostalgia, social norms, resilience, passion, love for traditions, and celebrations of local traditions give rise to the substance of analysis. Through an analysis of the meaning underlying these poetic narratives, this research reveals a deeper relationship between Urdu literature and Saraiki culture. Saraiki culture has been woven into literary works as a love narrative because of its rich heritage and varied beauty.

ابن صفی کے جاسوسی ناولوں میں مقصدیت اور فکری پہلو

گلباز نوید,ڈاکٹر صائمہ ارم — 2024-05-15

Ibn Safi is the credit of detective literature. After reading all his novels, from a research point of view, the objectivity and intellectual aspects of his novels have been highlighted to make it clear that detective literature is not limited to entertainment activities only, but like literature. It is also not devoid of intellectual aspect. This article also proves that vulgarity and sexism are not necessary to develop literature.

پروین شاکر کی غزل کا علامتی مطالعہ

Dr. Nazia Sahar, Dr. Parveen Kallu, Dr.Mamuna Subhani — 2024-05-18

There are so many changing colors of the symbol in the poetry of Parveen Shakir. The color of hijr, the color of wasal and the color of dreams. Just like a movie it has motion, scenes, thriller, romance. Mono is a blocking technique of people and consciousness. The poetry continues to narrate the entire story in flashbacks. Parting is a dark and sad scene. In the background is the voice of a brahmin chasing the past moments. This voice has a wonderful magnetic appeal. And it looks like a picture. A portrait on the wall, a girl like “Khoi Khoi”. The night stares at this image until night falls and then in a moment of imagination places her lips on it, When the eyes open, the image disappears from sight and the eye wanders in the deserts in search of this image. Eventually that eye becomes a desert.

English around the World: Exploring Current Debates and Issues in World Englishes

Amna Kanwal,Dr. Aftab Akram,Faiz Ullah — 2024-05-07

The present study explores the contemporary discourse and challenges surrounding World Englishes, a multifaceted field encompassing diverse English varieties spoken across the globe. This research adopts a qualitative and descriptive approach to thoroughly investigate the dynamic nature of English in various linguistic and sociocultural contexts. One focal point of the present inquiry is the examination of language policies and their implications for the recognition and utilization of different English varieties in multicultural societies. The study analyses how these policies shape the status, prestige, and functional domains of English varieties, shedding light on issues of linguistic diversity and equity. Additionally, it explores sociolinguistic variation to understand how factors such as region, social class, and ethnicity influence linguistic variation in World Englishes. Through in-depth sociolinguistic analysis, the study aims to uncover the intricate interplay between linguistic features and sociocultural dynamics, providing valuable insights into the complexities of language variation and identity construction. Furthermore, it assesses teaching methodologies employed in diverse educational settings to impart knowledge of World Englishes. By critically evaluating current pedagogical practices, the current study seeks to identify strengths, weaknesses, and potential areas for improvement in teaching approaches. This research endeavours to contribute to the on-going dialogue on language diversity, education, and social inclusion, offering valuable insights for scholars, educators, policymakers, and language practitioners engaged in the study and promotion of World Englishes.

Negotiating Identity and Socioeconomic Disparity in The Bride by Bapsi Sidhwa: A Post-modern Study

Irzam Shahzad,Dr. Bushra Siddiqui,Dr. Muhammad Yar Tanvir — 2024-05-09

The purpose of this research is to explore the complex relationship between negotiating cultural identity and socioeconomic disparity in Bapsi Sidhwa's 'The Bride'. The present study employs Nancy Frazer's theory of social justice as a theoretical framework. The goal of the research is to show how the characters' experiences with cultural identities are closely linked to their socio-economic disparities. The research intends to elucidate the intricate processes that effect the characters' goals and reactions to social issues by utilizing Frazer's Theory of social justice. By providing comprehensions to the larger conversation on social justice within the post-partition community, this analysis develops our understanding of the intricacy present in characters’ identities and their socio-economic status. The conclusion of this research tends to explore the negotiation of identity and socio-economic disparity in post partition context by utilizing the theoretical framework of Frazer theory of social justice.

Special Economic Zones in Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis of the Special Economic Zones Act of 2012

Mehwish Pano,Dr. Sarfraz Batool — 2024-05-09

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are considered a high-yielding strategy for the rapid development of any country due to the success stories of some countries, like China. In the twenty-first century, many developing countries adopted the SEZs policy for quick economic growth. Pakistan is one of them. In SEZs, governments provide various incentives to businessmen and investors that attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), enhance the country’s revenues, help with technology, and also upgrade skills. Pakistan, a developing country in South Asia, adopted the policy of SEZs to develop its economy effectively and paved the way for its fast economic development in 2012. The act is named “SEZ Act of 2012." However, this act has been amended many times according to the requirements of the economy; therefore, the later versions have also been used in this study for detailed analysis. This study focuses on analyzing the SEZs Act of 2012. It particularly focuses on the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions that helped the developers, investors, and the federal and provincial governments establish SEZs and effectively implement SEZ regulations in Pakistan. This study qualitatively analyses the subject under discussion based on the previously available literature. The first section of the study describes the importance of SEZs as a successful policy tool for development by briefly explaining examples from various countries. The second portion explains the details of the SEZ Act of 2012, like institutions their roles, functions, and limits. Finally, the third part defines the later versions of this act to be made to meet the requirements of time.

Corpus-Assisted Socio-Cognitive Analysis of Power and Ideology in Pakistani Social Media Discourse

2024-05-09

The present research explores the dynamics of political hate speech on Pakistani social media using a socio-cognitive approach. It emphasizes interplay between societal power structures, ideology and discourse. It delves into how entrenched ideologies and power relations shape both i.e., production and consumption of hate speech. It highlights role of social media as a powerful amplifier within these processes. It also reveals that hate speech on platforms like Twitter not only mirrors existing societal and political cleavages but also intensifies them thus serving as both weapon wielded by the powerful to maintain dominance and tool for opposition groups to challenge the status quo. Analyzing user-generated content it identifies a pattern where hate speech fosters an environment conducive to spread of discriminatory ideologies. These ideologies perpetuate social and political divisions. It also underlines the significant influence of digital literacy and contextual understanding of hate speech. It suggests that addressing this issue effectively requires more than just content moderation. Findings advocate for comprehensive strategies that include enhancing digital literacy and fostering inclusive political discourse. These strategies aim to mitigate the divisive impact of hate speech and promote a more inclusive and respectful political discourse in Pakistan. Socio-cognitive approach provides a nuanced understanding of how cognitive schemas and societal conditions interact to influence discourse production and reception. This perspective is crucial for policymakers, social media platforms and civil society as it highlights need for a collaborative effort to tackle underlying causes of political hate speech and safeguard democratic discourse in digital age.

Examining the Correlation among Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) subscales: A Study of Pre-service Teachers Training Program

Mujeebur Rahim ,Ghulam Jalani ,Mujeeb ur Rahim,Sadia Bano,Ibrar Hussain — 2024-05-09

The study was intended to explore the correlation among different subscales of prospective teacher's Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK). Six knowledge domains of the TPACK framework (TK, PK, CK, TPK, PCK, and TPK) were examined as latent variables in this study. B.Ed (Hons) Degree program in the Education Department of Karakoram International University was the targeted pre-service teachers training program. The sample was constituted of Eighty-five prospective educators who voluntarily contributed to the study. Schmidt et al.'s instrument was utilized for the collection of responses from the participants. The Pearson correlation with the two-tail test is applied to examine the findings. The result reported a positive correlation among all the six TPACK domains. The range of the Pearson correlation coefficient among the latent variables was from 0.174 (connecting TPACK and PK) to 0.547 (connecting PCKand CK). The results suggest that the validation of research instruments for measurement of teacher's TPACK knowledge in the context of Pakistan is a key need of the time.

Impact of Classroom Discipline on University-Level Students' Performance in English as a Foreign Language (EFL)

Dr Marriam Bashir,Sumaira Saleem,Ghulam Abbas — 2024-05-13

The study investigates the influence of classroom discipline on the performance of university-level students in English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Classroom discipline is a pivotal factor in academic settings, significantly affecting students' learning outcomes. However, its specific impact on EFL performance at the university level remains relatively understudied. This research aims to bridge this gap by examining the relationship between classroom discipline and students' EFL performance. The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating quantitative analysis of academic performance data alongside qualitative insights gathered through interviews or surveys with students and instructors. The findings are expected to shed light on the importance of maintaining effective classroom discipline for enhancing EFL learning outcomes among university students. This research holds implications for educators, policymakers, and educational institutions striving to optimize teaching and learning environments for EFL instruction at the tertiary level.

Countering Extremism: The Role of Muslims in Promoting Peace and Tolerance

Dr Ghulam Rasul Zahid — 2024-05-14

The rise of extremism and terrorism in the name of Islam has become a pressing global issue, leading to negative perceptions of the religion and fueling Islamophobia. In response to this challenge, many Muslims are actively engaged in countering extremism and promoting peace and tolerance within their communities. This abstract will explore the role of Muslims in addressing extremism, highlighting initiatives and efforts aimed at promoting a more peaceful and tolerant understanding of Islam. It will examine the importance of challenging extremist narratives, fostering interfaith dialogue, and promoting values of compassion and understanding. By showcasing the proactive role of Muslims in countering extremism, this abstract aims to shed light on the positive contributions of the Muslim community towards building a more harmonious and inclusive society.Top of Form

INTERNET ADDICTION AND SLEEP QUALITY AMONG STUDENTS: A STUDY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Muhammad Kaman Shair,Irfan Haider,Rana Zafar Iqbal,Syed Muzaffar Hussain — 2024-05-14

The study was conducted to explore the effects of internet addiction on sleep quality among university students. The sample of this cross-sectional study was consisted of 100 students of different public and private universities and colleges of Multan city. The students of B.S and M.Phill level were studied in this study whose age range was 18-30 years. The Internet Addiction Test developed by Young (1998) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI) a self-report questionnaire developed by Buysse (1989) were used as research instruments to investigate the variables. All possible ethical considerations were taken in this study. The findings of this study revealed positive correlation between internet addiction and poor sleep quality among students. Ther was also found that the students of public and private sectors have no significant difference on internet addiction and it was also found that there was no difference between the student of BS and M. Phill classes on internet addiction. I was also revealed by findings that adult students have higher level of internet addiction as compared to adolescent students and the internet addiction have significant effect on sleep quality and students with high internet addiction showed daytime dysfunction, poor subjective sleep quality and use of sleep medications.

A Pathway to Female Homosociality through Disidentification in Kamila Shamsie’s Best of Friends

Murad Ahsan,Maryam Raza — 2024-05-14

The research undertakes the female-homosocial relations in Kamila Shamsie’s Best of Friends as a subversive approach, under the discipline of Homosociality. The research explores various dynamics of disidentification as a reactive force to resist the heteronormative society, in which identities are viewed as constant and fixed. The objective of the study is to deconstruct the notion of stable identity. Thus, disidentification in Shamsie’s Best of Friends introduces multiple tactical-survival strategies to (re)construct new identities. The research proves that female homosocial relations, as a subversive approach, empower the individuals among female gender within the socio-cultural and diasporic settings. Hence, disidentification and female homosociality defies the existing structure of heteropatriarchal society in which fixed gender binaries exist.

IMPACT OF VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES ON ROUTINE LIFE AND HEALTH OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Ayesha Arshad,Ayesha Riaz,Dr Muhammad Kamran Khan — 2024-05-15

This is the age of information and technology where different video games are popular for sake of entertainment and for gaming environment. The recent study focuses on addiction of PUBG game and its health consequences on life of youth. This study found the addiction level of PUBG game among youth of Narowal and their usage pattern of different online video games. The world has transformed itself with new information and communication technology due to continuous progress of computer and internet connectivity across the globe. PUBG game so called the unknown battleground an online video game where hundreds of players can play simultaneously. For research purpose 200 respondents’ maximum among the youth’ are selected for the current study. They belong to different departments and they have smart phones with the internet connectivity. Their age vary from 18 to 40 who frequently use the video games. With the help of close ended questions, survey research is conducted by using non probability sampling of purposive and convenient techniques for data collection where 200 respondents who are the frequent and regular users of different games. The youngsters were asked different questions regarding their usage of games and its impact on their life style. The findings revealed that they frequently use different games for entrainment purpose to kill the time. These games have great impact on their social and personal lives and feel great mental relaxation and aggression after using the games

Beyond the Battlefield: Investigation of Trauma and Psychosomatic Legacy of War in Born under a Million Shadows

Rabia Khan,Dr. Naveed Ahmad — 2024-05-15

This research explores the psychological and psychosomatic traumatization of victims depicted through diverse narrative voices in fictional works, with a focus on war trauma. By examining the literary representation of trauma, this study aims to illuminate its consequences identify potential pathways for healing and prevention, and promote resilience. To achieve this, the study presents a close examination of Busfield’s Born under a Million Shadows (2009) which reveals a nuanced exploration of victim’s experience, coping mechanisms and resilience. Grounded in the theoretical framework of coping mechanism as posited by Herman, this research delves deep into the complex psychological and psychosomatic dynamics of trauma, shedding light on victims’ struggles to process and integrate their traumatic experiences. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of trauma’s effects on individuals and communities, highlighting the role of creative expression in facilitating healing and promoting resilience. The findings will benefit trauma survivors, guiding them to understand traumatic developments in their personalities, and make effective interventions for recovery and reintegration. It will also be helpful for the readers as well as future researchers investigating repercussions of war globally, with a particular focus on Afghanistan.

Role of Self-Assessment in Professional Development of Teachers in Science Subjects at Secondary Level: Gender and School Location

Tehmina Iqbal, Dr. Munwar Begum Dr. Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal Ateeq.ur.Rehman — 2024-05-16

The study's primary goal was to look into the “The Role of Self-Assessment in Professional Development of Teachers in Science Subjects at Secondary Level.” Our goals were to see how teachers evaluate themselves, how this evaluation helps them become better teachers, and how it affects their teaching methods. We also wanted to know if self-assessment helps teachers meet the needs of their students and how teachers feel about using it for their professional growth. The results of our study gave us a clear picture of how self-assessment plays a crucial role in helping science teachers improve and adapt to the changing demands of their profession at the secondary level. Simple stratified sampling was used for the collection of data. All the public, male and female secondary schools of DG Khan were selected as a population of study. Data was collected from 470 Male and 439 female teachers of all four tehsils of district DG Khan. The data was collected from rural and urban school teachers from district DG Khan and three tehsils. Researcher was adopted the questionnaire. The validation and amendment of questionnaire was based on expert opinion. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed through Cronbach’s alpha. One questionnaire selected for research the teachers. Research questionnaire was contained the two sections like first section described the demographic information of participant and the second section contained the 21 questions to analysis of teachers perception The Role of Self-Assessment in Professional Development of Teachers in Science Subjects at Secondary Level. There were 21 statements in teachers’ questionnaire. SPSS was used to examine the data. The data were analyzed and interpreted using inferential statistics (one way ANOVA and independent t-test) and descriptive analysis (mean and percentage).

WRITE-OFF PRACTICES IN COLLEGE LIBRARIES OF PUNJAB: EXPERIENCES OF LIBRARIANS

Maria Rehmani,Prof. Dr. Iqbal Hussain Asad,Dr. Ahsan Ullah,Warda Manzoor — 2024-05-17

Libraries are essential to a nation's advancement in the fields of education, industry, and technology. The purpose of libraries at educational institutions is to facilitate the efficient and effective flow of knowledge from the point of generation to the point of use. It can be difficult to keep these collections alive and useful as theft or loss of books is a problem that is inextricably linked to libraries. Write-off policies and practices are very important to deal with theft or loss of books. The current thesis sheds light on the viewpoints, difficulties, and suggestions of college librarians working in Punjab Higher Education Department in respect of write-off practices. The current study used quantitative research approach. An extensive literature review was conducted to develop questionnaire for the current study. This questionnaire survey was shared with chief librarians, deputy chief librarians, senior librarians and librarians. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze data. The results show that different strategies are used to determine which resources can be written off. Circulation patterns, curricular relevance, and out-of-date content were used to select resources to be written-off. Interestingly, there are notable gender disparities in how librarians see particular criteria for selection of material for write-off. The main issues that arise during write-off procedures include a lack of precise guidelines, opposition to decisions, resource constraints, and administrative roadblocks. These difficulties, in addition to gender-specific differences, highlight the significance of focused policy and support networks. Librarians offer insightful recommendations for streamlining the write off procedures. They highlighted the need of clear instructions, stakeholder participation, and adoption of flexible approaches. The study also explores that librarians indicated a need for regular evaluations and extensive training courses in this regard. Finally, by providing insights into the distinctive experiences of librarians in Government colleges of Punjab, this thesis adds to the growing conversation on library management technique. The results highlight how crucial it is to implement gender inclusive policies, focus specific interventions, and provide ongoing professional development to improve the efficacy of write-off procedures in the dynamic environment of academic libraries

British Indian Railways: The Economic Wheel of Colonization and Imperialism

Muhammad Akmal Soomro,Mir Waheed Akhlaq — 2024-03-06

The British Crown ruled in Sub-Continent for over two centuries, this was the era of darkness, slavery, the plundering of Indian resources, and ruthless economics & political policies. Indian land remained a consumer society and the producer of raw materials for the British Empire from the eighteen to the twentieth century, whereas, the vast and modern network of railways in India is considered to be Britain's greatest gift to the Indians. Undoubtedly, these railways have been an important means of transportation in India, but the British Colonizers did not build this system of railways in the public interest rather it was laid to serve the colonial interest. This research article identifies Britain’s strategic and economic interests in building railways in India. Construction of railways in India began in 1850 and European companies had been awarded contracts to build railway tracks, in return for the contracts, the companies were guaranteed five percent investment security. The companies were also given access to free land for 99 years and millions of pounds in fines were paid to the companies from the Indian exchequer for non-payment of guaranteed income. The main purpose of building the railway was to speed up the export of cotton, jute, iron, minerals, etc. from India to European countries, while from a strategic point of view, military equipment and supplies were also transferred by rail to military bases across India. This research paper explores how the railway track was built keeping in view the importance of military barracks. Under the British colonial policy, European companies invested heavily in the railways, but during 200 years of British rule, India's industrial growth rate fell from 3% to 10%. All the agreements made by the British colonizers with the railway companies were unilateral. The agreements provided financial benefits from the Indian treasury to companies. This research also reveals that India's railway network was built by the government through private companies, which included European capitalists and retired officers of the colonial army, who were having control over the London-based secretary of state of India. These companies were so powerful, that whenever the Government of India complained of a breach of contract and tried to end it, it was the Secretary of the state who rejected the decisions of the Governor-General of India. On the other hand, the expense for the construction of railways was £15000 more per mile than it was in the United States and Europe.

An Investigative Study of Transliteration of English Words in Monolingual Urdu Dictionaries ( Feroz ul Lughat, Ilmi Urdu Lughat and jammay ul Lughat)

Fatima Ghafoor — 2024-05-18

The present study focuses on issues of English to Urdu transliteration and problems of orthography. Transliteration is the transcription of words of one language to another. This study identifies the transliteration of English words in monolingual Urdu dictionaries i.e. Feroz-ul-Lughat and Azhar-ul-Lughat. When English words are transliterated, the problems of orthography, pronunciation, written script, sound inventories and lexicography occur. This study aims to explore the transliterated English words in Urdu dictionaries and to discover the precise orthographic forms according to the exact shape and tone of the words. The study is descriptive and exploratory in nature. A documentary analysis approach has been utilised. The research sample consisted of monolingual Urdu dictionaries like Feroz- ul- Lughaat, Ilmi Urdu Lughat and Jammay- ul- Lughaat. Different features of these monolingual Urdu dictionaries including contents, preface, pronunciation symbols, list of headwords (macrostructure) are used for analysis. The analysis of these dictionaries reveal that many words of English origin and usage have been taken as it is in the said dictionaries. The headwords have been given with their English spellings as well in some of the entries. The study concludes that the compilers have not considered the modern rules of modern lexicography. This study paves the way for lexicographers, dictionary compilers, syllabus designers and policy makers and it will also be useful for both native and foreign speakers of Urdu.

د اشرف خان هجري په کلام کښې د ځنې شخصياتو يادؤنه : يوه تحقيقي څېړنه

Zeenat Bibi , Dr.Badshah-i-Room(Ali Khel Daryab) — 2024-05-14

Ashraf Khan emerges as a distinguished figure in Pashto literature, embodying the legacy of his renowned father, Khushal Khan. A poet of both the sword and the pen, Ashraf Khan's verses traverse a wide array of topics, each meticulously examined with poetic finesse. This article delves into Ashraf Khan's poetic repertoire, focusing particularly on his portrayal of various persons and personalities from diverse fields and walks of life. Through an in-depth analysis of his verses, we explore how Ashraf Khan intricately weaves these personalities into his poetry, providing profound insights and perspectives on human experiences. From warriors to scholars, from lovers to leaders, Ashraf Khan's poetry resonates with the essence of each individual he portrays, offering a rich tapestry of Pashto literature that captures the depth and diversity of human existence. Through this research, we aim to shed light on the literary craftsmanship of Ashraf Khan and his enduring contribution to Pashto literature.

د عبدالرحيم روغاني په شعري ټولګه سندريز احساس کښې حقيقت نګاري

Inayat Ur Rahman ,Riaz Ahmad,Dr. Ihsan Ullah — 2024-05-14

Abdul Rahim Rughani is a representative figure of modern Pashto literature. He made new experiments in Pashto poetry. He was born in 1950 in Durashkhila area of Swat. Five of your poetry books have been published. "Sandreez Ehsaas" is his poetry book, which was published in 2009. The book contains elements of realism, among other themes. In this paper, Abdul Rahim Roghani's poetry book "Sandreez Ehsaas" has been researched in the perspective of realism.

د طاهر اپرېدي افسانوي مجموعه "تا سره خبرې"کښې د ښځو ټولنيزې ستونزې

Suriya Begum , Dr. Mazhar Ahmad — 2024-05-13

Tahir Afridi was a well-known Pashto and Urdu language progressive and nationalist fiction writer, novelist, reportaj writer, Travelogue writer and the founder and editor of the Pashto quarterly magazin "Jars". He was born on January 4, 1939 in a village named Hasan Khel Bori Sokra, a sub-division of Dara Adam Khel. In the beginning, he used to write poetry under the name of Tahir Asar, but later he started writing fiction under the name of Tahir Afridi and gained fame under that name. He developed progressive tendencies in his short stories. Along with other evils in his society, he wrote extensively on the problems of women. In this article, the problems of women in Tahir Afridi's fictional collection "Ta Sara Khabare" have been researched.