Mass Incarceration in the USA: Causes, Consequences, and Reform Efforts

Abstract

Mass incarceration in the United States has become a significant social and political issue, with the country having one of the highest incarceration rates in the world. This article explores the historical development, systemic causes, and consequences of mass incarceration, highlighting racial disparities and the role of punitive policies such as the War on Drugs and mandatory sentencing laws. The consequences of high incarceration rates extend beyond individuals to families, communities, and the broader society, leading to economic strain and social marginalization. Additionally, this article examines contemporary reform efforts, including sentencing reforms, alternatives to incarceration, and restorative justice initiatives aimed at reducing prison populations. By analyzing current trends and potential solutions, this article contributes to the ongoing discourse on criminal justice reform in the United States.