Beyond Anthropocentric Interests: Moving towards Ecological Sustainability in Kalidasa’s Shakuntala through Deep Ecology, Biocentric equality and Ecotopia

Abstract

This paper employs Arne Naess' deep ecology paradigm to explore the profound ecological consciousness present in Kalidasa’s Shakuntala. The enchanted world of ashram surrounded by the beauty of trees and plants, emerges as a manifestation of deep ecological principles. Shakuntala's reverent interactions with each element of her surroundings encapsulate the essence of deep ecology, which critiques anthropocentric ideologies by asserting the intrinsic value and interconnectedness of all living beings, irrespective of their utility to humans. This is exemplified when King Dushyanta is restrained by the hermits from hunting deer for sport, a clear denouncement of recreational exploitation and a reinforcement of the principle that all life forms possess inherent worth. Shakuntala’s deep connection with the natural world, as demonstrated by her treatment of trees as her sisters, reinforces the biocentric equality championed by Naess, which demands moral consideration for all organisms beyond human interests. Naess' advocacy for decentralization and localization is mirrored in the play's depiction of the ashram, where a smaller, more ecologically attuned community exists harmoniously within its ecosystem. This aligns with the concept of ecotopia, which reimagines societal structures to prioritize ecological sustainability and resilience. This research posits that the ecological consciousness in Shakuntala amplifies the principles of deep ecology, advocating for a fundamental shift towards a peaceful and sustainable coexistence with the Earth’s ecosystems. Shakuntala has an enduring relevance in contemporary ecological discourse, inviting a re-evaluation of our relationship with the natural world.